Despite a number of high-profile kidnappings the rebellion had largely fizzled out inconclusively by 2009. Surrounded by chaos, Niger is a nation on the edge. [19], Several European countries already possessed littoral colonies in Africa, and in the latter half of the century they began to turn their eyes towards the interior of the continent. Bilateral Economic Relations. Nigerien culture is marked by variation, evidence of the cultural crossroads which French colonialism formed into a unified state from the beginning of the 20th century. [53] Some of the Hausa states survived by fleeing south, such as the Katsina who moved to Maradi in the south of modern Niger. WEST AFRICA ∙ Literacy in Niger, where only one in five adults can read. In December 2000, Niger qualified for enhanced debt relief under the International Monetary Fund program for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and concluded an agreement with the Fund for Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF). Food crisis worsening in West Africa after COVID-19... dailysabah.com - French Press Agency - AFP • 23h. [1] Each is spoken as a first language primarily by the ethnic group with which it is associated. The 36 Departments are currently broken down into Communes of varying types. Its largely agrarian and subsistence-based economy is frequently disrupted by extended droughts common to the Sahel region of Africa. The High Court of Justice (HCJ) deals with cases involving senior government officials. [48][49] The kingdom reached its greatest extent in the 1200s, largely thanks to the effort of Mai Dunama Dibbalemi (r. 1210–1259), and grew rich from its control of many Trans-Saharan trade routes; much of eastern and south-eastern Niger, notably Bilma and Kaouar, was under Kanem's control in this period. Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism, Economic Community of West African States, Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa, National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale), Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, République du Niger, "Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales." It is based on the Code Napoleon "Inquisitorial system", established in Niger during French colonial rule and the 1960 Constitution of Niger. "Mali Empire: The Rise of the Richest Civilization in West Africa", "How Did the Songhai Empire Dominate West Africa? The Republic of Niger has a reputation for being the largest nation in West Africa, however, 80% of this land mass is covered by the Sahara desert. Niger maintains a special relationship with former colonial power France and has close relations with its West African neighbors. Its drainage basin is 2,117,700 km2 in area. A parliamentary election was held at the same time.[92][93][94]. Between 1996 and 2003, primary school attendance was around 30%,[129] including 36% of males and only 25% of females. Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world. Niger lies between latitudes 11° and 24°N, and longitudes 0° and 16°E. As a first step, administrative powers will be distributed among 265 communes (local councils); in later stages, regions and departments will be established as decentralized entities. [62] On 11 July 1960, Niger decided to leave the French Community and acquired full independence on 3 August 1960; Diori thus became the first president of the country. [68] Following this, presidential elections were held and Mahamane Ousmane became the first president of the Third Republic on 27 March 1993. Lewicki, T. (1994). Tuareg expansion from the north, culminating in their seizure of the far eastern oases from the Kanem-Bornu Empire in the 17th centuries, spread distinctively Berber practices. [19] Some of these finds have been linked with the Aterian and Mousterian tool cultures of the Middle Paleolithic period, which flourished in northern Africa circa 90,000 BC-20,000 BC. [102] The Zarma and Songhay dominate the Dosso, Tillabéri, and Niamey régions, the Hausa dominate the Zinder, Maradi, and Tahoua regions, Kanuri Manga dominate the Diffa region, and Touaregs dominate the Agadez region in Northern Niger.[109]. [38], Presidential campaigns were organised in the months that followed. The north of Niger is covered by large deserts and semi deserts. By 2007, the relationship between President Tandja Mamadou and his prime minister had deteriorated, leading to the replacement of the latter in June 2007 by Seyni Oumarou following a successful vote of no confidence at the Assembly. [78][79] The opposition boycotted the referendum and the new constitution was adopted with 92.5% of voters and a 68% turnout, according to official results. The Court of Appeals reviews questions of fact and law, while the Supreme Court reviews application of the law and constitutional questions. A new electoral code was adopted to reflect the decentralization context. Twin Pyramids and Sphinx discovered in Zinder, Niger; by. Expanding from a population of 3.4 million in 1960, Niger's population has rapidly increased with a current growth rate of 3.3% (7.1 children per mother). [19][38], To the east, the Kanem-Bornu Empire dominated the region around Lake Chad for much of this period. [134] The state ORTN network depends financially on the government, partly through a surcharge on electricity bills, and partly through direct subsidy. Niger's area is 1,267,000 square kilometres (489,191 sq mi) of which 300 square kilometres (116 sq mi) is water. The seven original Hausa states (often referred to as the 'Hausa bakwai') were: Daura (state of queen Daurama), Kano, Rano, Zaria, Gobir, Katsina and Biram. The Caliphate managed to survive until, fatally weakened by the invasions of Chad-based warlord Rabih az-Zubayr, it finally fell to the British in 1903, with its lands later being partitioned between Britain and France. During the Second World War, during which time mainland France was occupied by Nazi Germany, Charles de Gaulle issued the Brazzaville Declaration, declaring that the French colonial empire would be replaced post-war with a less centralised French Union. The U.S. also is a major partner in policy coordination in such areas as food security and HIV/AIDS. The highest point is Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès in the Aïr Mountains at 2,022 m (6,634 ft). [38], In the 19th century Europeans began to take a greater interest in Africa; several European explorers travelled in the area of modern Niger, such as Mungo Park (in 1805–06), the Oudney-Denham-Clapperton expedition (1822–25), Heinrich Barth (1850–55; with James Richardson and Adolf Overweg), Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs (1865–67), Gustav Nachtigal (1869–74) and Parfait-Louis Monteil (1890–92). Niger. As per the constitution, a run-off election was held on 20 February 2021, with Bazoum taking 55.75% of the vote and opposition candidate (and former President) Mahamane Ousmane taking 44.25%, according to the electoral commission. Mahamadou Issoufou of the Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism was elected president. [95], The 2014 budget was 1.867 trillion CFA which is distributed as follows according to: public debt (76,703,692,000 CFA), personnel expenditures (210,979,633,960 CFA), operating expenditures (128,988,777,711 CFA); subsidies and transfers: 308,379,641,366 CFA) and Investment (1,142,513,658,712 CFA).[96]. The majority of Muslims in Niger are Sunni, 7% are Shi'a, 5% are Ahmadiyya and 20% non-denominational. According to the organization Save the Children, Niger has the world's highest infant mortality rate. Niger is a landlocked nation in West Africa located along the border between the Sahara and Sub-Saharan regions. Major cities : Niamey (Capital). [98] The military court provides the same rights as civil criminal courts; however, customary courts do not. [39][40][41] From its heartland around the modern Guinea-Mali border region, the empire expanded considerably under successive kings and came to dominate the Trans-Saharan trade routes, reaching its greatest extent during the rule of Mansa Musa (r. There are still areas where animist based festivals and traditions (such as the Bori religion) are practiced by syncretic Muslim communities (in some Hausa areas as well as among some Toubou and Wodaabe pastoralists), as opposed to several small communities who maintain their pre-Islamic religion. 1312–1337). Niger, officially the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Travel & Tourism. [124], About 60 percent of children who finish primary schools are boys, as the majority of girls rarely attend school for more than a few years. [74] The elections were generally found to be free and fair by international observers. French West Africa, French Afrique Occidentale Française (AOF), administrative grouping under French rule from 1895 until 1958 of the former French territories of West Africa: Senegal, French Guinea, the Ivory Coast, and the French Sudan, to which Dahomey was added in 1899. [127] There were 3 physicians and 22 nurses per 100,000 persons in 2006.[128]. The country is currently divided into 8 regions, which are subdivided into 36 districts (departments). [112] Christianity was established earlier in the country by missionaries during the French colonial years. Debt relief provided under the enhanced HIPC initiative significantly reduces Niger's annual debt service obligations, freeing funds for expenditures on basic health care, primary education, HIV/AIDS prevention, rural infrastructure, and other programs geared at poverty reduction. For the neighboring country, see, Empires and kingdoms in pre-colonial Niger, The Hausa states and other smaller kingdoms (1400s–1800s), First military regime: The Supreme Military Council and Second Republic (1974–1991), National Conference and Third Republic (1991–1996), Second military regime, Fourth Republic and third military regime (1996–1999), Sixth Republic and fourth military regime (2009–2010). [133], Despite relative freedom at the national level, Nigerien journalists say they are often pressured by local authorities. [38] However the economic boom ended following the collapse in uranium prices, and IMF-led austerity and privatisation measures provoked opposition by many Nigeriens. The Saharan terrain is often baked by the scorching sun, however for 18-year-old Rimana Issoufou Hassane Mayak, the climate that West Africa: Feeding the future through education in Niger. Niger is one of the largest inland countries in West Africa and is historically a gateway between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. Songhai began settling this region from the 7th to 9th centuries;[43] by the early 11th century Gao (capital of the former Kingdom of Gao) had become the empire's capital. VISION. The current Judiciary of Niger was established with the creation of the Fourth Republic in 1999. [40], The Songhai Empire was named for its main ethnic group, the Songhai or Sonrai, and was centred on the bend of the Niger River in modern Mali. [57] The three eventually met at Kousséri (in the far north of Cameroon) and defeated Rabih az-Zubayr's forces at the Battle of Kousséri. While USAID does not have an office in Niger, the United States is a major donor, contributing nearly $10 million each year to Niger's development. With two-thirds of the country lying within the Sahara Desert, it is one of the hottest countries in the world. The border dispute with Benin, inherited from colonial times and concerning inter alia Lété Island in the Niger River, was solved by the International Court of Justice in 2005 to Niger's advantage. As detailed in the Epic of Sundiata, Mali emerged as a breakaway region of the Sosso Empire, which itself had split from the earlier Ghana Empire. 41–60. [38] The Saibou regime acquiesced to these demands by the end of 1990. Niger, Africa, West Africa. [45] Many of these surviving states harassed the Caliphate and a long period of small-scale wars and skirmishes commenced, with some states (such as Katsina and Gobir) maintaining independence, whereas elsewhere new ones were formed (such as the Sultanate of Tessaoua). Our vision is to make disciples where Christ is least known. Our knowledge of early Nigerien history is limited by the lack of written sources, though it is known that by at least the 5th century BC the territory of modern Niger had become an area of trans-Saharan trade. [38], The violence in Agadez Region continued during this period, prompting the Nigerien government to sign a truce with Tuareg rebels in 1992 which was however ineffective owing to internal dissension within the Tuareg ranks. ), a pastoral people found throughout the Sahel, began migrating to Hausaland during the 1200s–1500s. Islam is the most dominant religion, practiced by 99.3% of the population according to the 2012 census.[112]. Niger shares a common currency, the CFA franc, and a common central bank, the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), with seven other members of the West African Monetary Union. Nearly 20 million people are starving in West Africa and the Sahel region as the vast area is torn by conflicts and the coronavirus pandemic, experts … [18] The most common pronunciation is the French one of /niːˈʒɛər/, though in Anglophone media /ˈnaɪdʒər/ is also occasionally used. The numbers of Animist practitioners are a point of contention. Despite this, Niger maintains a tradition as a secular state, protected by law. The armed forces are composed of approximately 12,900 personnel, including 3,700 gendarmes, 3200 national guards, 300 air force personnel, and 6,000 army personnel. The Niger River is the principal river of West Africa, extending about 4,180 km. These offices will be replaced in the future by democratically elected councils at each level. It is a landlocked nation located in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres of the Earth. The economy is concentrated around subsistence agriculture, with some export agriculture in the more fertile south, and export of raw materials, especially uranium ore. Niger faces serious challenges to development due to its landlocked position, desert terrain, inefficient agriculture, high fertility rates without birth control and resulting overpopulation,[17] the poor educational level and poverty of its people, lack of infrastructure, poor healthcare, and environmental degradation. Established by SERVIR-West Africa, a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) partner, the program is designed to encourage students, especially girls, in Niger to become more involved in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) subject areas. An attempted coup against him in 2011 was thwarted and its ringleaders arrested. A quiet but momentous agricultural and environmental transformation has been developing across southern Niger since the mid-1980s. While successive post-independence governments have tried to forge a shared national culture, this has been slow forming, in part because the major Nigerien communities have their own cultural histories, and in part because Nigerien ethnic groups such as the Hausa, Tuareg and Kanuri are but part of larger ethnic communities which cross borders introduced under colonialism. Les enjeux politiques dans la colonie du Niger (1944-1960). [38] Several parastatal companies were created, major infrastructure (building and new roads, schools, health centres) constructed, and there was minimal corruption in government agencies, which Kountché did not hesitate to punish severely. NIAMEY, Niger (AP) — Niger’s security forces thwarted an attempted military coup at the West African country’s presidential palace overnight just two days before the newly elected president is to be sworn into office in a peaceful transfer of power, the government said Wednesday. Africa Imports is the largest wholesale supplier of Afrocentric and ethnic products in the US. The capital is Niamey.
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