[40] The Portuguese military was overstretched and there was no political solution or end in sight. Other mines used included the PMN (Black Widow), TM-46, and POMZ. FLEC militants stopped buses, forcing Chevron Oil workers out, and set fire to the buses on 27 March and 23 April 1992. The Spanish government in the Canary Islands prevented a Ukrainian freighter from delivering 636 tons of military equipment to Angola on 24 February 2001. The distance from the major Angolan urban centers to the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia were so large that the eastern part of Angola's territory was known by the Portuguese as Terras do Fim do Mundo (the lands of the far side of the world). The FNLA’s internal support had dwindled to a few Kongo groups, but it had strong links with the regime in Zaire and was well armed; it thus made a bid to seize Luanda by force. “Portugal's War in Angola” is an almost must-have when it comes to interest in post-World War II colonial wars. The degree of real colonial settlement was minor, and, with few exceptions, the Portuguese did not interfere by means other than commercial in the social and political dynamics of the native peoples. By the end of the conflict in 1974, due to the Carnation Revolution (a military coup in Lisbon), the total in the Portuguese Armed Forces had risen to 217,000. Support weapons included mortars, recoilless rifles, and in particular, Soviet-made rocket launchers, the RPG-2 and RPG-7. The Soviet Union gave an additional $1 billion in aid to the MPLA government and Cuba sent an additional 2,000 troops to the 35,000-strong force in Angola to protect Chevron oil platforms in 1986. Paul Manafort, a partner in the firm, charged Savimbi $19,300 in consulting and additional $1,712 in expenses. [160] The United Nations Security Council sanctioned UNITA through Resolution 864 on 15 September 1993, prohibiting the sale of weapons or fuel to UNITA. The 2004 film The Hero, produced by Fernando Vendrell and directed by Zézé Gamboa, depicts the life of average Angolans in the aftermath of the civil war. Three additional Cuban films were produced in a loose trilogy, each focused in one significant battle of the war: Kangamba, Sumbe and Cuito Cuanavale. "Death of Dignity: Angola's Civil War. 1,100 Angolans and seven foreign workers are employed by the HALO Trust in Angola, with demining operations expected to finish by 2014. The possessions were Angola, Cape Verde, Macau, Mozambique, Portuguese Guinea, Portuguese India, Portuguese Timor, São João Baptista de Ajudá and São Tomé and Príncipe. [73] Much of Portugal's older small arms came from Germany in various deliveries made mostly before World War II, including the Austrian Steyr/Erma MP 34 submachine gun (m/942). Many felt they had received too little opportunity or resources to upgrade their skills and improve their economic and social situation to a degree comparable to that of the Europeans. The withdrawal resulted in the exodus of hundreds of thousands of Portuguese citizens[8] plus military personnel of European, African and mixed ethnicity from the former Portuguese territories and newly independent African nations. In contrast to some other European colonial possessions, many of the Portuguese living in Portuguese Africa had strong ties to their adopted land, as their ancestors had lived in Africa for generations. The Angola's civil war Was an armed conflict that continued in the African nation for more than 26 years (from 1975 to 2002), with brief periods of fragile peace.. 97, No. Several magazines and newspapers were created, such as Cadernos Circunstância, Cadernos Necessários, Tempo e Modo, and Polémica that supported this view. 1575 - Portuguese … The strategy was successful isolating in UNITA but had adverse humanitarian consequences. [62], In response, Portuguese Armed Forces instituted a harsh policy of reciprocity by torturing and massacring rebels and protesters. [212] That same month, the United Nations Security Council replaced the United Nations Office in Angola with the United Nations Mission in Angola, a larger, non-military, political presence. The conflict is featured in first three episodes of the 2018 German television series Deutschland 86. "[145] Savimbi also reportedly purged some of those within UNITA whom he may have seen as threats to his leadership or as questioning his strategic course. The richest and most strategic of the Portuguese colonies, Angola attracted the most outside interest during the periods of decolonization and the Cold War. The accords laid out a transition to multi-party democracy under the supervision of the United Nations' UNAVEM II mission, with a presidential election to be held within a year. In our talks with [Angolan President Agostinho] Neto we stressed the absolute necessity of achieving a level of economic development comparable to what had existed under [Portuguese] colonialism. In the south of the territory, and the north of present-day Namibia, lay the Kwanyama kingdom, along with minor realms on the central highlands. [66] In Cabinda, the Cubans launched a series of successful operations against the FLEC separatist movement.[67]. The war in Guinea has been termed "Portugal's Vietnam". Sweden provided humanitarian assistance to both the SWAPO and the MPLA in the mid-1970s,[68][69][70] and regularly raised the issue of UNITA in political discussions between the two movements. After Germany declared war on Portugal in March 1916 the Portuguese government sent more reinforcements to Mozambique (the South Africans had captured German South West Africa in 1915). In December 1917, German colonial forces led by Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck invaded Mozambique from German East Africa. At the time Portugal was in effective control of little more than the coastal strip of both Angola and Mozambique, but important inroads into the interior had been made since the first half of the 19th century. A systematic campaign of conquest and pacification was undertaken by the Portuguese. [55][56] The defeat of the FNLA allowed the MPLA to consolidate power over the capital Luanda. For the general purpose machine gun role, the German MG42 in 8mm and later 7.62mm NATO caliber was used until 1968, when the 7.62mm m/968 Metralhadora Ligeira became available. Lusotropicalismo and Portugal’s 20th. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa; 1959–1976, Univ. The next day Savimbi announced UNITA would no longer abide by the ceasefire, citing Kaunda's insistence that Savimbi leave the country and UNITA disband. Morgado did say that he had not heard from Angola since Savimbi's death. [112] In the 1980s, fighting spread outward from southeastern Angola, where most of the fighting had taken place in the 1970s, as the National Congolese Army (ANC) and SWAPO increased their activity. With its wealth in oil and diamonds, Angola is like a big swollen carcass and the vultures are swirling overhead. [79][81] Because of the mobile nature of counterinsurgency operations, heavy support weapons were less frequently used. Two state-run universities were founded in Portuguese Africa in the 1962 by the Minister of the Overseas Adriano Moreira (the Universidade de Luanda in Angola and the Universidade de Lourenço Marques in Mozambique, awarding a range of degrees from engineering to medicine[35]); however, most of their students came from Portuguese families living in the two territories. Spanish rifle grenades were sourced from Instalaza, but in due course, the Dilagrama m/65 was more commonly used, using a derivative of the M26 grenade made under licence by INDEP, the M312.[80]. [41] Angola is a large territory, and the long distances from safe havens in neighboring countries supporting the rebel forces made it difficult for the latter to escape detection. The USSR gave the MPLA more than US$2 billion in aid in 1984. According to Cuba, the political, economical and technical cost to South Africa of maintaining its presence in Angola proved too much. The war in the Portuguese overseas territories of Africa was increasingly unpopular in Portugal itself as the people got weary of war and balked at its ever-rising expense. The insurgents called for local Bantu farmworkers and villagers to join them, unleashing an orgy of violence and destruction. The Atlantic Ocean sits on its west coast. Jack Abramoff wrote and co-produced the film Red Scorpion with his brother Robert in 1989. 276–278, Susan Rose-Ackerman, "Corruption in the Wake of Domestic National Conflict" in, "Things are going well in Angola. In 2007, a Radiotelevisao Portuguesa (RTP) documentary by Joaquim Furtado, made public both these government-supported atrocities and the organized massacres and terror campaign policies of some pro-independence guerrilla movements or their supporters; it was watched by over a million people, a tenth of the population at the time.[101]. Rapid-fire arms in use with the insurgents included the 7.62×54mmR DP-28, the 7.62×39mm RPD machine gun (the most widely used of all), the 8×57mm Mauser MG 34 general-purpose machine gun, together with the 12.7×108mm DShK and the 7.62×54mm SG-43 Goryunov heavy machine guns, 7.62×25mm PPSh-41 and PPS-43, 9×19mm Sa vz. There are now important Ovimbundu communities in Luanda, Malanje, and Lubango. [citation needed] The weapons he would gain from Bush helped UNITA survive even after U.S. support stopped. As the first plane, a Boeing 727, approached Luena someone shot a missile at the aircraft, damaging one engine but not critically as the three-man crew landed successfully. In February 1997, FLEC-FAC kidnapped two Inwangsa SDN-timber company employees, killing one and releasing the other after receiving a $400,000 ransom. Nearly all the slaves were destined for the Portuguese colony of Brazil. Taken unawares by the shock of the uprisings in Angola, and the subsequent bloody Bacongo insurrection on 15 March 1961, Portugal was to plunge its armed forces, untested since World War I, into an urgent counteroffensive. The Portuguese finally entered into direct relations with the Mwenemutapa in the 1560s. To destroy enemy emplacements, other weapons were employed, including the 37 mm (1.46 in), 60 mm (2.5 in), and 89 mm (3.5 in.) [173] In early October 1997, Angola invaded the Republic of the Congo during its civil war, and helped Sassou Nguesso's rebels overthrow the government of Pascal Lissouba. [9][10][11] This migration is regarded as one of the largest peaceful migrations in the world's history. [72] Arriaga, however, was removed from his powerful military post in Mozambique by Marcelo Caetano shortly before the events in Lisbon that would trigger the end of the war and the independence of the Portuguese territories in Africa. The South African government agreed to Crocker's terms in principle on 8 March. [37] By the early 1970s, an increasing percentage of Guineans were serving as noncommissioned or commissioned officers in Portuguese military forces in Africa, including such higher-ranking officers as Captain (later Lt. [87] To counter the mine threat, Portuguese engineers commenced the herculean task of tarring the rural road network. In 1961 the Portuguese had 79,000 in arms – 58,000 in the Army, 8,500 in the Navy and 12,500 in the Air force (Cann, 1997). In Angola's case, its colonial power – Portugal – was present and active in the territory, in one way or another, for over four centuries. Those who were found guilty, including Van-Dunem, Jacobo "Immortal Monster" Caetano, the head of the 8th Brigade, and political commissar Eduardo Evaristo, were shot and buried in secret graves. By November 1994, the government had taken control of 60% of the country. The Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974 in Portugal took the world by surprise and caught the independence movements in its last African colonies unprepared. More than a million men, women and children were shipped from Angola across the Atlantic. [167] UNITA purchased more than 20 FROG-7 transporter erector launchers (TEL) and three FOX 7 missiles from the North Korean government in 1999. For the moment, the Angolan insurgency had been defeated, but new guerrilla attacks would later break out in other regions of Angola such as Cabinda province, the central plateaus, and eastern and southeastern Angola. [92] On April 25, 1974, Portuguese military officers of the MFA staged a bloodless military coup that toppled António de Oliveira Salazar's successor Marcelo Caetano, and successfully overthrew the Estado Novo regime. The war began immediately after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. It quickly started moving south in the direction of Meponda and Mandimba, linking to Tete with the aid of Malawi. Similar actions quickly spread across the entire colony, requiring a strong response from the Portuguese forces. The Cubans succeeded in taking the radio station and proceeded to the barracks of the 8th Brigade, recapturing it by 1:30 pm. [207] UNITA Vice President António Dembo took over, but, weakened by wounds sustained in the same skirmish that killed Savimbi, died from diabetes 12 days later on 3 March, and Secretary-General Paulo Lukamba became UNITA's leader. The MPLA and UNITA had different roots in Angolan society and mutually incompatible leaderships, despite their shared aim of ending colonial rule. After conflict erupted between the UPA and MPLA and Portuguese military forces, U.S. President John F. Kennedy[29] advised António de Oliveira Salazar (via the US consulate in Portugal) that Portugal should abandon Portugal's African colonies. [114][115], The South African military attacked insurgents in Cunene Province on 12 May 1980. [46][66], After the Carnation Revolution military coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974, the new revolutionary leaders of Portugal and the PAIGC signed an accord in Algiers, Algeria in which Portugal agreed to remove all troops by the end of October and to officially recognize the Republic of Guinea-Bissau government controlled by the PAIGC, on 26 August 1974 and after a series of diplomatic meetings. The war was used as a surrogate battleground for the Cold War by rival states such as the Soviet Union, Cuba, South Africa and the United States.[36]. Until 1960, Portuguese military forces serving in Guinea were composed of units led by white officers, with commissioned soldiers (whites), overseas soldiers (African assimilados), and native or indigenous Africans (indigenato) serving in the enlisted ranks. Detonation of the vehicle mine would cause Portuguese troops to deploy and seek cover in the ditch, where the anti-personnel mines would cause further casualties. When conflict erupted in 1961, Portuguese forces were badly equipped to cope with the demands of a counter-insurgency conflict. As a result of these efforts, the Angolan economy was growing rapidly by the 1970s, with commodities such as coffee, sisal, diamonds, and petroleum the leading exports. [209][210], The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1404 on 18 April, extending the monitoring mechanism of sanctions by six months. The ship's captain declared his cargo "fragile" to minimize inspection. From the 16th century to 1975, Angola was an overseas territory of Portugal. Although the U.S. and South African governments had stopped aiding UNITA, supplies continued to come from Mobutu in Zaire. The Portuguese Army steadily pushed the UPA back across the border into Congo-Kinshasa in a brutal counteroffensive that also displaced some 150,000 Bakongo refugees, taking control of Pedra Verde, the UPA's last base in northern Angola, on 20 September 1961. Portuguese, British and Belgian forces spent all of 1918 chasing Lettow-Vorbeck and his men across Mozambique, German East Africa and Northern Rhodesia. They achieved good progress in their first year of independence. [216], Over 156 people have died since 2018 from 70 landmine accidents and other blasts resulting from explosives installed during the Angolan civil war. [90] While Neto did support the FNLC, the MPLA government's support came in response to Mobutu's continued support for Angola's FNLA. Angola is a large territory, and the long distances from safe havens in neighboring countries supporting the rebel forces made it difficult for the latter to escape detection. Several armored cars were used, including the Panhard AML, Panhard EBR, Fox and (in the 1970s) the Chaimite. But the Portuguese never established much more than a foothold in either place. Some, like the U.S.-backed UPA[30] wanted national self-determination, while others wanted a new form of government based on Marxist principles. The Cuban classic film Caravana was produced on the fictionalized exploits of a Cuban caravan (a military mechanized column) sent to reinforce an isolated Cuban position against an impeding UNITA attack. [27] Many of the African farm workers living in northern Angola worked under labor contracts that required seasonal relocation of workers from the desertified Southwest and Bailundo areas of Angola. During the ensuing conflict, atrocities were committed by all forces involved.[6]. In Portuguese Guinea, this included a large increase in African recruitment along with the establishment of all-black military formations such as the Black Militias (Milícias negras) commanded by Major Carlos Fabião and the African Commando Battalion (Batalhão de Comandos Africanos) commanded by General Almeida Bruno. People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, National Liberation Front of Angola, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola in Angola, African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde in Portuguese Guinea, and the Mozambique Liberation Front in Mozambique. A Guerra De Africa (1961–1974) by José Freire Antunes, Temas e Debates. The Bantu influx began around 500 BC, and some continued their migrations inside the territory well into the 20th century. General Spínola began a series of civil and military reforms designed to weaken PAIGC control of the Guinea and rollback insurgent gains. A failed Portuguese military coup known as the Abrilada, attempted in an effort to overthrow the authoritarian Estado Novo regime of António de Oliveira Salazar, received covert U.S. UNITA militants attacked Caxito on 7 May, killing 100 people and kidnapping 60 children and two adults. [111] When he died on 10 September 1979, the party's Central Committee unanimously voted to elect dos Santos as President. Currently between 200,000 and 400,000 tons of coffee are still in warehouses. Much of the initial offensive operations against Angolan UPA and MPLA insurgents was undertaken by four companies of Caçadores Especiais (Special Hunter) troops skilled in light infantry and antiguerrilla tactics, and who were already stationed in Angola at the outbreak of fighting. When Ford approved the program, Davis resigned. [62] Within the next few weeks Portuguese military forces pushed the MPLA out of Luanda northeast into the Dembos region, where the MPLA established the "1st Military Region". Summary. [188] The Portuguese Constitution of 1933 designated Angola and Cabinda as overseas provinces. In a reversal of policy, Vorster not only agreed to keep his troops in Angola through November, but also promised to withdraw the SADF only after the OAU meeting on 9 December. [36], Since its formation in the 1950s, the MPLA's main social base has been among the Ambundu people and the multiracial intelligentsia of cities such as Luanda, Benguela and Huambo. Cuba became the MPLA's strongest ally, sending significant contingents of combat and support personnel to Angola. A common tactic was to plant large anti-vehicle mines in a roadway bordered by obvious cover, such as an irrigation ditch, then seed the ditch with anti-personnel mines. support. [65] Savimbi met with South African President Mandela in May. IDPs comprised 75% of all landmine victims. [204], Government troops captured and destroyed UNITA's Epongoloko base in Benguela province and Mufumbo base in Cuanza Sul in October 2001. Gleijeses, Piero. The Portuguese Overseas Province of Mozambique was the last territory to start the war of liberation. Contrary to the organization's name, Cabinda is an exclave, not an enclave. The Colonial War established a split between the military structure – heavily influenced by the western powers with democratic governments – and the political power of the regime. After 1974, the deterioration in central planning effectiveness, economic development and growth, security, education and health system efficiency, was rampant. Many of the local black soldiers that served in the Portuguese Army and who had fought against the insurgents were demobilized by Portuguese authorities and left behind in Africa. [189][190] In the course of administrative reforms during the 1930s to 1950s, Angola was divided into districts, and Cabinda became one of the districts of Angola. [224][225][226] The South African government financed the film through the International Freedom Foundation, a front-group chaired by Abramoff, as part of its efforts to undermine international sympathy for the African National Congress. Foreign mercenaries would return to their home countries and all parties would stop acquiring foreign arms. Tetteh Hormeku – Programme Officer with Third World Network's Africa Secretariat in Accra, Third World Resurgence No.89, January 1998, A «GUERRA» 3º Episódio – «Violência do lado Português». Israel continued in its role as a proxy arms dealer for the United States. The Portuguese arrived in present-day Angola in 1483. The film received substantial support from Cuban Armed Forces, included many famous Cuban actors of the time and became a classic of Cuban Cinema. [citation needed]. Others did not share this view, including its main architect,[71] troops, and officials who had participated on both sides of the operation, including high ranked elements from the FRELIMO guerrillas. Lundgren also starred in the 1998 film Sweepers as a demolitions expert clearing minefields in Angola. Caetano's government had begun the program (which included several other reforms) in order to increase the number of officials employed against the African insurgencies, and at the same time cut down military costs to alleviate an already overburdened government budget. The Islamic Empire was already well-established in the African slave trade, for centuries linking it to the Arab slave trade. The People's Republic of China openly backed UNITA upon independence despite the mutual support from its adversary South Africa and UNITA's pro-Western tilt. Portugal joined NATO as a founding member in 1949, and was integrated within the various fledgling military commands of NATO.[24]. Lisbon’s three wars in Angola, Mozambique and Portugese Guinea, 1961–74, Solihull (Helion) 2013. The last elements of the Portuguese military withdrew in 1975[64] and the South African military withdrew in February 1976. [57], On February 4, 1961, using arms largely captured from Portuguese soldiers and police[58] 250 MPLA guerrillas attacked the São Paulo fortress prison and police headquarters in Luanda in an attempt to free what it termed 'political prisoners'. The coup resulted in a period of economic collapse and political instability, but received general support from the public in its aim of ending the Portuguese war effort in Africa. The prevalent Portuguese and international historical approach considers the Portuguese Colonial War as was perceived at the time: a single conflict fought in three separate theaters of operations: Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique (sometimes including the 1954 Indian Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and 1961 Indian Annexation of Goa) rather than a number of separate conflicts as the emergent African countries aided each other during the war. Another fort, Benguela, was established on the coast further south, in a region inhabited by ancestors of the Ovimbundu people. Nonetheless, the Portuguese presence on the Angolan coast remained limited for much of the colonial period. By contrast the other two major anti-colonial movements the FNLA and UNITA, were rurally based groups. The Angolan Civil War (Portuguese: Guerra Civil Angolana) was a civil war in Angola, beginning in 1975 and continuing, with interludes, until 2002. This "NATO generation" ascended quickly to the highest political positions and military command without having to provide evidence of loyalty to the regime. Communist Yugoslavia provided financial military support for the MPLA, including $14 million in 1977, as well as Yugoslav security personnel in the country and diplomatic training for Angolans in Belgrade. The Portuguese ruling regime of Estado Novo faced criticism from the international community and was becoming increasingly isolated. By the time the MPLA achieved victory in 2002, more than 500,000 people had died and over one million had been internally displaced. Additionally, human rights analysts found that between 5,000 and 8,000 underage girls were married to UNITA militants. While he did not claim responsibility for the attack, UNITA spokesman Justino said the planes carried weapons and soldiers rather than food, making them acceptable targets. China saw Holden Roberto and the FNLA as the stooge of the West and the MPLA as the Soviet Union's proxy. [92], On 26 August 1974, after a series of diplomatic meetings, Portugal and the PAIGC signed an accord in Algiers, Algeria in which Portugal agreed to remove all troops by the end of October and to recognize the Republic of Guinea-Bissau government controlled by the PAIGC. When the timeline for independence became known, most of the roughly 500,000 ethnic Portuguese Angolans fled the territory during the weeks before or after that deadline. [52] Additionally, Yugoslavia sent two warships of the Yugoslav Navy to the coast of Luanda to aid the MPLA and Cuban forces. ANGOP alleged UNITA massacred civilians in Damba in Uíge Province later that month, on 26 February. He spent almost $473,000 in October 1991 during his week-long visit to Washington and Manhattan. [166], Savimbi, unwilling to personally sign an accord, had former UNITA Secretary General Eugenio Manuvakola represent UNITA in his place. The South African government joined negotiations on 3 May and the parties met in June and August in New York and Geneva. Some are using the hatred against the colonial masters for negative purposes. Another factor was internecine struggles between three competing revolutionary movements – FNLA, MPLA, and UNITA – and their guerrilla armies. Following the meeting, Reagan spoke of UNITA as winning a victory that "electrifies the world". [65] The branch stores of the Companhia União Fabril (CUF), Mario Lima Whanon, and Manuel Pinto Brandão companies were seized and inventoried by the PAIGC in the areas they controlled, while the use of Portuguese currency in the areas under guerrilla control was banned. The Angolan Civil War, beginning at the time of the country’s independence from Portugal in 1975, was a 27-year struggle involving the deaths of over 500,000 soldiers and civilians. [227] While working in Hollywood, Abramoff was convicted for fraud and other offenses that he had committed during his concurrent career as a lobbyist. However, being the only truly organized opposition movement, the PCP had to play two roles. The IDPs, unacquainted with their surroundings, frequently and predominantly fell victim to these weapons. [147] He went to Washington, D.C., in December and met with President George H. W. Bush again,[139] the fourth of five trips he made to the United States. [48] The success of the socialist bloc in isolating Portugal diplomatically extended inside Portugal itself into the armed forces, where younger officers disenchanted with the Estado Novo regime and promotional opportunities began to identify ideologically with those calling for overthrow of the government and the establishment of a state based on Marxist principles. Sulc, Lawrence. Coelho noted that perceptions of African soldiers varied a good deal among senior Portuguese commanders during the conflict in Angola, Guinea and Mozambique. Both sides claimed victory in the ensuing Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. While the attack failed, very different interpretations of the attack emerged. It was ruled by an authoritarian and conservative right-leaning dictatorship, known as the Estado Novo regime. Work began in 1903 on a commercially significant line from Benguela all the way inland to the Katanga region, aiming to provide access to the sea for the richest mining district of the Belgian Congo. The government agreed to appoint UNITA members to head the Mines, Commerce, Health, and Tourism ministries, in addition to seven deputy ministers, ambassadors, the governorships of Uige, Lunda Sul, and Cuando Cubango, deputy governors, municipal administrators, deputy administrators, and commune administrators. [213] The HALO Trust began demining Angola in 1994, and had destroyed 30,000 landmines by July 2007. American timidity during the war prompted a shift in Zaire's foreign policy towards greater engagement with France, which became Zaire's largest supplier of arms after the intervention. Agostinho Neto, MPLA's leader during the civil war, declared in 1977 that Yugoslav aid was constant and firm, and described the help as extraordinary. ", Niederstrasser, R. O. The war began immediately after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. [199] Four days later UNITA released the children to a Catholic mission in Camabatela, a city 200 kilometres (124 mi) from where UNITA kidnapped them.
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