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capital with rest of Canada opens", "Magnitude and Sources of Sediment Input to the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, 1974 - 94 (PDF Download Available)", "Implications of climate change for freshwater inflows to the Arctic Oceans", https://www.the-cryosphere.net/10/569/2016/tc-10-569-2016.pdf, "Streamflow in the Mackenzie Basin, Canada", "River reveals chilling tracks of ancient flood", "Northern Lifeblood: Empowering Northern Leaders to Protect the Mackenzie River Basin from the Risks of Oil Sands Development", "Peace-Athabasca Delta: Tar Sands Oil Expansion Threatens America's Premier Nesting Ground", "Mackenzie River Delta, Canada - ASTER Image Gallery", "Archaeological Potential Along the Lower Mackenzie River, N.W.T. It receives the Arctic Red River from the southwest at Tsiigehtchic, where traffic on the Dempster Highway crosses via ferry/ice bridge. Peace [9] Six other lakes in the watershed cover more than 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi), including the Williston Lake reservoir, the second-largest artificial lake in North America, on the Peace River. During the late 19th century and early 20th century epidemics of introduced European diseases swept through indigenous communities along the river, and thousands of native people lost their lives. [4] It is the largest river flowing into the Arctic from North America, and including its tributaries has a total length of 4,241 kilometres (2,635 mi), making it the thirteenth longest river system in the world.[1]. As of 2003 there were two operational gold mines in Yellowknife, and many more abandoned mines dot the region. [12], The Mackenzie River issues from the western end of Great Slave Lake about 150 km (93 mi) south-west of Yellowknife. The mountains serve as the watershed for the basins of the Mackenzie River (east) and Yukon River (west) and are the source for the Pelly River, a headstream of the Yukon. [37][70][71], There have been many proposals to dam the tributaries of the Mackenzie River which would lead to further impacts on water quality and seasonal flow patterns. [34], Fluvial deposits and other erosional evidence indicate that around the end of the Pleistocene, about 13,000 years ago, the Mackenzie channel was scoured by one or more massive glacial lake outburst floods unleashed from Lake Agassiz, formed by melting ice west of the present-day Great Lakes. Bennett, Williston Lake, is the largest body of fresh water in BC and the ninth largest man-made lake in the world, with a volume of 70.3 km3 (57,000,000 acre⋅ft). [48], Steamboat service on the Mackenzie River began in the 1880s, and the number of vessels surged in the early 1900s as the Klondike Gold Rush brought a wave of prospectors to the Yukon. They have a combined capacity of more than 3,600 megawatts (MW). It covered the Yukon Territory, and the southwestern part of the Northwest Territories. Many who attempted the 3,200-kilometre (2,000 mi) journey died along the way or turned back before reaching the Yukon. The W.A.C. Much abandoned equipment remains along the corridor today; part of the pipeline route has been designated the Canol Heritage Trail. [62] In 2016, Northern Transportation Company went bankrupt, and its assets were bought by the government of Northwest Territories. Regional Resources. In 2012 the Deh Cho Bridge was completed at a point about 10 km (6.2 mi) upstream, providing a safer permanent crossing. [63] In winter, the frozen channel of the Mackenzie River, especially in the delta region, is used as an ice road, firm enough to support large trucks, although travel between northern communities is mostly by dog sleds and snowmobiles. Taku. In the north, the river's shores are lined with sparse vegetation like dwarf birch and willows, as well as extensive areas of muskeg and peat bogs. The story cycle of the Athapaskan hero Tachokaii (“the Traveller”) tells of the making of both the river and time itself. However, the short summer and harsh winter conditions limited trappers' activities. He was told of another great river (the Yukon) on the other side of the mountains to the southwest. The Mackenzie carries a very large sediment load, transporting about 128 million tonnes each year to its delta. Soon thereafter, near the North Nahanni River, the Mackenzie trends west–northwest through a rolling plain and deflects north past an escarpment of the Ma… The highway is open approximately June 10 to October 14 in the summer, and December 15 to April 30 in the winter. Drone footage of the Yukon River, Dawson City and Whitehorse, Canada Footage produced during a canoe trip in the summer of 2017. [39] The Mackenzie River has a similar range of fish fauna to the Mississippi River system. Thutade Lake, in the Northern Interior of BC, is the ultimate source of the Mackenzie River via the Finlay–Peace River system, which stretches 1,923 kilometres (1,195 mi) through BC and Alberta. [22] Lowland divides in the north separate the Mackenzie basin from the Arctic Ocean watersheds of the Anderson, Horton, Coppermine and Back Rivers. Throughout the autumn of 1897 and the winter of ’97/’98, Stampeders converged on Dawson City, a boomtown situated at the mouth of the Klondike River, from many different directions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. thirteenth longest river system in the world, human migration from Asia to North America, Nagwichoonjik (Mackenzie River) National Historic Site of Canada, List of rivers of the Northwest Territories, "Variability and extreme of Mackenzie River daily discharge during 1973–2011", "Where Does the Water Flow? In 1825, Sir John Franklin, in search of the Northwest Passage, mapped the Arctic coastline from the mouth of the Mackenzie River to the Alaskan North Slope. [8], The Peace and Athabasca meet at the Peace-Athabasca Delta, a vast inland delta at the western end of Lake Athabasca, which also takes runoff from the northern third of Saskatchewan. Almost all Yukon rivers belong to two of the largest river drainages in North America: the Mackenzie and the Yukon. We work to reduce waste, conserve energy and water, and to recycle. Stone’s Sheep Hunts. In the middle of the larger lakes, such as Great Slave, ice can persist as late as mid-June. Yukon with any one or more of the Government of Canada or the government of a province about the study and use of water resources in the drainage basin of the Mackenzie River. The valley of the former river is considered to be some of the best northern farmland in Canada, due to the high concentration of minerals found in the soil. [24][25] The river is frozen for most of the year, with the ice typically breaking up by early to mid-May in the south, and late May-early June in the north. In 1997, a cultural landscape along the section of the Mackenzie River at Tsiigehtchic was designated the Nagwichoonjik (Mackenzie River) National Historic Site of Canada due to its cultural, social and spiritual significance to the Gwichya Gwich'in. [42] As recently as the mid-twentieth century, more than 400,000 birds passed through during the spring and up to a million in autumn. The channel is initially several kilometres wide but narrows to about 800 m (2,600 ft) at Fort Providence, which was historically an important ferry crossing in the summer, and used as an ice bridge in the winter for traffic along the Yellowknife Highway. The remainder of the District of Mackenzie, as well as the Districts of Keewatin, Franklin and Ungava, had no representation until 1962. After heading west for about 100 km (62 mi) the Mackenzie narrows and turns northwest through a long stretch of fast water and rapids, past the village of Jean Marie River. In 1849 William Pullen reached the Mackenzie from the Bering Strait. This demand grew when gold was discovered on the northern shore of Great Slave Lake, leading to the settlement of Yellowknife and the opening of several mines in the area. [2] As a whole, the Mackenzie basin receives only meager to moderate rainfall, averaging 410 millimetres (16 in) over the entire basin, though mountain areas experience much higher precipitation, and areas near and north of the Arctic Circle receive much lower precipitation.[21]. The head of the Mackenzie River is about 6 miles (10 km) wide where the western end of the Great Slave Lake narrows and is filled by one large island and several small ones. [16] The Peel River, carrying much of the runoff from the northern Yukon, joins in the delta at a point northeast of Fort McPherson. The river provided the major route into Canada's northern interior for early European explorers. It flows through open taiga with its wide valley bounded, on the west, by the Mackenzie Mountains and to the east by low hills of the Canadian Shield. By both volume and surface area, Great Bear Lake is the biggest in the watershed and third largest on the continent, with a surface area of 31,153 km2 (12,028 sq mi) and a volume of 2,236 km3 (536 cu mi). [41], Migratory birds use the three major deltas in the Mackenzie River basin – the Mackenzie Delta and the inland Slave and Peace-Athabasca Deltas – as resting and breeding areas. The MacKenzie River passes through two vegetation zones: the Boreal Forest along the southern half of the MacKenzie Valley, and the Taiga or Forest Tundra found mainly in the MacKenzie Delta Region. However, archaeological evidence of human habitation along the Mackenzie is scant, despite the efforts of many researchers. [30] At Norman Wells it is 8,446 m3/s (298,300 cu ft/s),[31] and at the Arctic Red confluence it is 8,926 m3/s (315,200 cu ft/s). It is the second biggest Arctic delta in the world, after the Lena River delta in Russia. The system would involve building massive dams on the Liard, Mackenzie, Peace, Columbia, and Fraser river systems and pumping water into a 650 km (400 mi) long reservoir in the Rocky Mountain Trench. Rancheria River. Some 215 bird species in total have been catalogued in the delta, including species such as the whooping crane, peregrine falcon and bald eagle. There were eight principal tribes of Woodland First Nations, all of whom spoke languages belonging to the Algonkian family. We offer fully guided fair chase hunts for Dall Sheep, Mountain Caribou, Alaska-Yukon Moose, Wolf and Wolverine. Bennett Dam on the Peace River has reduced the seasonal variations of water levels in the delta, causing damage to its ecosystem. The Mackenzie River's watershed is considered one of the largest and most intact ecosystems in North America, especially the northern half. Little Rancheria River; Frances River; Hyland River; Coal River; La Biche River; ... Yukon River. A potential US$1 billion, 1350 MW hydro plant on the Slave River was canceled in 2010 after an agreement could not be reached with First Nations people in the area to be flooded by the reservoir. Below there, the Mackenzie diverges into several large channels with the largest heading north-northeast, emptying into the Beaufort Sea west of Tuktoyaktuk. During the 19th century, fur trading became a lucrative business, but this was affected by harsh weather conditions. ​ The main headwaters are the Peace and Athabasca rivers, while the main stem (1,738 km long) issues from the west arm of Great Slave Lake, near Fort Providence (Zhahti Koe). Wolh, Ellen. At its peak, Agassiz had a greater volume than all present-day freshwater lakes combined. [12], In the 1950s the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers proposed the North American Water and Power Alliance (NAWAPA), a vast series of dams, tunnels and reservoirs designed to move 150 km3 (120,000,000 acre⋅ft) of water from northern Canada to southern Canada, the western United States and Mexico. ine. The Mackenzie River Basin Board was created in 1997 by the Transboundary Waters Master Agreement between the Government of Canada, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon and Northwest Territories. RIVER Copper Susitna Yukon Taku Stikine Liard Nass Skeena Fraser Columbia (BC) Mackenzie. Transboundary Governance. [17][22] The Mackenzie system is hydrologically connected to the Hudson Bay watershed via Wollaston Lake, which is not only the source of the Fond du Lac tributary of Lake Athabasca, but also of the Cochrane River, which flows east into the Churchill River. Gana River Outfitters is a family owned and operated business that specializes in quality family friendly service. Skee. Yukon is bordered by the United States (Alaska) to the left, and the Northwest Territories to the right, following the divide between the Yukon Basin and the Mackenzie River drainage basin. This riding was created in 1947, and was only used in the 1949 federal election. The water would then flow by gravity to irrigate more than 220,000 km2 (85,000 sq mi) in the three countries and generate more than 50,000 MW of surplus energy. na. Goods are shipped as far as the port of Tuktoyaktuk on the eastern end of the Mackenzie Delta, where they are transferred to oceangoing vessels and delivered to communities along Canada's Arctic coast and the numerous islands to the north. Bird populations have seen a steady decline since the 1960s. In turn, the river is central to Indigenous cultural landscapes. The Peace contributes the majority of the water, about 66 km3 (54 million acre-feet) per year,[7] and the Athabasca contributes 25 km3 (20 million acre-feet). [27] About 60 percent of the water comes from the western half of the basin, which includes the Rocky, Selwyn, and Mackenzie mountain ranges out of which spring major tributaries such as the Peace and Liard Rivers, which contribute 23 and 27 percent of the total flow, respectively. It only operated for thirteen months, shutting down in 1945. The river continues west-northwest until its confluence with the North Nahanni River, where it turns north towards the Arctic. The Mackenzie River was one of the main routes into the northern interior, with sternwheelers transporting passengers, domestic supplies and industrial goods from as far upstream as the Athabasca River all the way to the delta, though with several areas such as the huge rapids on the Slave River requiring portages. It forms, along with the Slave, Peace, and Finlay, the longest river system in Canada, and includes the second largest drainage basin of any North American river after the Mississippi. [46] No European reached its mouth again until Sir John Franklin on 16 August 1825 during the 1825–1827 Mackenzie River expedition. [69] This has made the Peace Valley more suitable for farming, but has had significant impacts on downstream wildlife and riparian communities. [1] About 980,000 km2 (380,000 sq mi), or 54 percent of the basin, lies above Great Slave Lake. The Mackenzie drainage basin is bordered by multiple major North American watersheds. Together, the … [2] Most of the Mackenzie watershed is unbroken wilderness and human activities have little influence on the overall water quality, although there are some localized impacts. Before we can learn the true story of the Klondike Gold Rush, we must first familiarize ourselves with the land in which it took place.The Klondike Gold Rush took place in what is now Yukon, one of Canada’s three northern territories. Barge traffic travels the entire length of the Mackenzie in long "trains" of up to fifteen shallow-draft vessels pulled by tugboats. The purpose of this website is to help ensure that the public is informed and involved in issues concerning the Mackenzie River Basin. However, human activities such as oil extraction have threatened water quality in the headwaters of the Mackenzie River. The cold northern permafrost regions beyond the Arctic Circle are very sparsely populated, mainly by indigenous peoples. Fort Providence lost 20 percent of its population, and some smaller villages and camps were completely wiped out. [15] The Liard River alone accounts for 32 percent of the total, and the Peel River about 20 percent. [50] In 1964 the Mackenzie Northern Railway (now a subsidiary of CN) reached the shore of Great Slave Lake, to serve the new Pine Point zinc mine near Hay River. ", "Mackenzie River: Barging ahead – The North's Native-owned transportation service", "40 Years On: The Story of the W.A.C. [15] Essentially all of the sediment is contributed by areas downstream of Fort Providence, since upstream sediment is trapped in Great Slave Lake. The following year he traced the coast west until blocked by ice while John Richardson followed the coast east to the Coppermine River. The ultimate source of the Mackenzie River is Thutade Lake, in the Northern Interior of British Columbia. At Fort Simpson it is joined by the Liard River, its biggest direct tributary, from the west. Ninety percent of the population lived in the Peace and Athabasca River basins, mostly in Alberta. [2], The river discharges more than 325 cubic kilometres (78 cu mi) of water each year, accounting for roughly 11% of the total river flow into the Arctic Ocean. Its extensive watershed drains about 20 percent of Canada. [43], Water mammals such as beavers and muskrats are extremely common in the Mackenzie Delta and surrounding areas of muskeg. Bennett and Peace Canyon hydroelectric dams on the upper Peace River were completed in 1968 and 1980 by BC Hydro. The river's main stem is 1,738 kilometres (1,080 mi) long, flowing north-northwest from Great Slave Lake into the Arctic Ocean, where it forms a large delta at its mouth. Rivers of the Peel watershed in the Mackenzie Mountains. There is a proposal for a Mackenzie Valley Pipeline, which has not been built due to environmental concerns and falling oil and gas prices.[61]. Without restricting the generality of the foregoing, the agreements may provide for … The Northwest Territories had not been represented in the House of Commons since 1905 following the creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan two years earlier. [2], The average flow rate at the mouth is 9,910 m3/s (350,000 cu ft/s), the second largest in Canada after the St Lawrence, and the fourteenth largest in the world. [10] It contributes about 77% of the overall inflow, and forms a large delta where it enters the lake. The majority of Yukon First Nations peoples belong to one of the Athapaskan and Tlingit language families:. Susitna. A characteristic feature of the delta is its numerous pingos, or hills of earth-covered-ice – some 1,400 of them. It is the only gravel highway connecting Inuvik to Whitehorse, Yukon some 1253 km away. [37] These conditions are expected to be improved even more by trends in climate change, such as warmer temperatures and a longer growing season. [32], Mackenzie monthly mean discharge at Arctic Red River (m3/s)[32], As recently as the last glacial maximum about 30,000 years ago, the majority of northern Canada was buried under the enormous continental Laurentide Ice Sheet. Babine Lake Stuart Lake. Spiritual Beliefs Moccasins The twelve tribes of the Southwestern New Brunswick and the neighboring part of Quebec were the home of the Malecite. Alma Peak, glacier snout, headwater of Thutade Creek. Catholic missionary Henri Grollier founded missions at Fort Simpson, Fort Norman and Fort Good Hope between 1858–59. [35] This is believed to have disrupted currents in the Arctic Ocean and led to an abrupt 1,300-year-long cold temperature shift called the Younger Dryas.[36]. The more stable annual flow slows down the spread of essential nutrients which builds up in the form of sediments, thus causing the river to become more polluted. Yukon Territory is bordered by the Beaufort Sea, the United States to the west, Northwest Territories to the east, and British Columbia to the south. This was the second such drilling at Mallik: the first took place in 2002 and used heat to release methane. Oil was initially shipped out by steamboats, supplying mines and towns across the NWT. List of Canadian federal electoral districts, Northwest Territories (electoral district), Riding history for Yukon—Mackenzie River (1947–1952), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yukon—Mackenzie_River&oldid=947594854, Defunct Yukon federal electoral districts, Defunct Northwest Territories federal electoral districts, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 08:08. Before 1898, however, the area was part of C… A lucrative fur trade was carried out, as the Mackenzie basin teemed with beaver and muskrat. The 1,231-kilometre (765 mi) Athabasca River originates further south, in Jasper National Park in southwest Alberta. [40] Fish in the Mackenzie River proper include the northern pike, several minnow species, and lake whitefish. The routes these men and women took on their ways to the Klondike are sometimes referred to as the Dawson Trails. Below The Ramparts is the village of Fort Good Hope, where the Mackenzie turns northwest again, soon crossing the Arctic Circle. Yukon River monthly HF is lower by 10-60% than the Mackenzie mainly due to smaller discharge. There are 53 fish species in the basin, none of them endemic. Riding dissolved into Yukon—Mackenzie River: Riding re-created from Yukon—Mackenzie River: 22nd 1953–1957 James Aubrey Simmons Đảng Tự do 23rd 1957–1957 1957–1958 Erik Nielsen Đảng Bảo thủ cấp tiến 24th 1958–1962 25th 1962–1963 26th 1963–1965 … Yukon had been represented continuously since a byelection in January 1903. Fish in the southern half of the watershed are genetically isolated from those of the northern half due to large rapids on the Slave River preventing fish from swimming upstream. [23] Great Slave Lake is slightly smaller, with an area of 28,568 km2 (11,030 sq mi) and containing 2,088 km3 (501 cu mi) of water, although it is significantly deeper than Great Bear. Year round, the Mackenzie's outflow has a major stabilizing effect in the local climate above the Arctic Ocean with large amounts of warmer fresh water mixing with the cold seawater. Participants in the Stampede of 1897/98 were known as Stampeders. [49], Oil was discovered at Norman Wells in the 1920s, beginning a period of industrialization in the Mackenzie valley. The First Nations of the Mackenzie and Yukon River Basin Location The people lived In the Subartic Yukon. The Mackenzie here flows slightly lower in elevation than the surrounding tundra, as a braided river between low bluffs about 3 to 5 km (1.9 to 3.1 mi) apart. These results provide critical knowledge of river thermal condition and energy transport to the northern seas. [56], Some parts of the Mackenzie basin are rich in natural resources – oil and gas in the Northwest Territories and in central Alberta, lumber in the Peace River headwaters, uranium in Saskatchewan, gold and zinc in the Great Slave Lake area and tungsten in the Yukon. The Mackenzie and its tributaries together drain an area of about 1,805,200 squa… Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie travelled the river in the hope it would lead to the Pacific Ocean, but instead reached its mouth on the Arctic Ocean on 14 July 1789. The Mackenzie valley is believed to have been the path taken by prehistoric peoples during the initial human migration from Asia to North America over 10,000 years ago, despite sparse evidence. The river typically freezes by late October or November, starting in the north. The Yukon portion of the Mackenzie River Basin includes the Liard, Peel and Mackenzie sub-basins. [29] The same phenomenon occurs at Great Slave Lake, which naturally regulates the flow from the Slave River into the Mackenzie. There are river gauges at several upstream points along the Mackenzie River. [12] The third major lake, Athabasca, is less than a third that size with an area of 7,800 km2 (3,000 sq mi). During the late 19th century Fort Simpson was regional headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company. [53], In 2008, Canadian and Japanese researchers extracted a constant stream of natural gas from a test project at the Mallik methane hydrate field in the Mackenzie Delta. [12], By acting as a massive stabilizer on the water flow of the Peace River, Williston Lake reduces flood crests on the Peace, Slave and Mackenzie rivers as far downstream as Fort Good Hope. [68] Other smaller hydroelectric plants are located along the Snare and Taltson River tributaries, providing power to mines in the Great Slave Lake region. Wetlands comprise about 18%, or about 324,900 km2 (125,400 sq mi), of the basin. The Mackenzie River flows through a vast, thinly populated region of forest and tundra entirely within the Northwest Territories in Canada, although its many tributaries reach into five other Canadian provinces and territories. The other tributaries of the Mackenzie combined into the "Bell River" which flowed east into Hudson Bay. While large amounts of snow and glacial melt dramatically drive up water levels in the Mackenzie's western tributaries, large lakes to the east retard springtime discharges. Agriculture remains prevalent along the south, particularly in the Peace River area. Discharge measurements for the Mackenzie River at Arctic Red River are missing for 1997 and 1998. [13] West of Fort Providence the Mackenzie widens considerably, resembling a shallow, swampy lake more than a river; one large widening here is known as Mills Lake.[14]. The Mackenzie provided the major route into Canada's northern interior for European explorers as early as the late 18th century. It consisted of the Yukon Territory and the part of the District of Mackenzie in the Northwest Territories lying west of the 109th meridian west longitude. The Mackenzie River system is the second largest river system in the North American continent, after only the Mississippi-Missouri River system.

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